The PMOD Alzheimer's Discrimination Tool (PALZ) supports the fully automatic analysis of FDG brain PET scans acquired from patients with clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's Dementia (AD). It is based on the data of a large multi-center trial and implements the proven discrimination methodology developed by Prof. K. Herholz et al. [1].
Methodology
It is a prerequisite for the applicability of the analysis that the patient suffers from clinical symptoms of AD. Assuming that this is the case, the PALZ tool performs the following processing steps with a loaded FDG brain PET scan:
For a thorough understanding of the discrimination analysis please refer to the NeuroImage article which exactly describes how the method was derived and validated [1].
Results
AD t-sum [1]: The discrimination analysis described above provides the basis for a statistical test with null hypothesis "The AD t-sum is normal". As the distribution of the AD t-sum has been assessed in the control group, a 95% prediction limit and error probabilities were calculated. In the evaluation, the AD t-sum was shown to be a highly sensitive indicator of scan abnormality [1]. Therefore, if the AD t-sum is within the normal range it is unlikely that a tested individual has AD. Otherwise, if the AD t-sum is outside the 95% prediction limit, the null hypothesis is rejected ("AD t-sum within AD regions is abnormal"), and the error probability is stated (eg. "Error probability < 0.0001"). Such a finding, always in conjunction with clinical symptoms, supports a diagnosis of AD.
PET Score [4]: The PET Score was shown to be a valid imaging biomarker for monitoring the progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its excellent test-retest reliability and signal strength is expected to allow substantially reducing the number of subjects or shortening of study duration in clinical trials.
Clusters: The outcome of the cluster analysis is not quantitative and solely intended for the visualization of concentrated area of abnormal voxels. Note that even in perfectly normal individuals up to 5% of all voxels may appear abnormal, and the appearance of a few abnormal clusters does not indicate any abnormality.
Validation
In 2009 the performance of the PALZ tool was assessed with a large number of cases from two independent databases (ADNI and NEST-DD) [5]. The databases differ regarding the demographics and the acquisition protocols as summarized below. The data sets were processed with PALZ, and the AD t-sum outcome used to calculate sensitivity and specificity.
|
Controls |
Mild AD-patients |
Protocol |
Results |
ADNI |
102 controls, |
89 patients, |
Eyes open, |
Sensitivity: 83% |
NEST-DD |
36 controls, |
237 patients, |
Eyes closed |
Sensitivity: 78% |
The main outcome of the study is the confirmation of the high accuracy of FDG PET with PALZ for the discrimination between AD patients and normal controls. Furthermore it was demonstrated that although the eyes open condition results in higher occipital glucose consumption, there is no relevant effect on the AD t-sum. Therefore, PALZ can be equally applied to studies with eyes open or closed during the uptake phase. Only 7 out of 464 images had to be excluded from the analysis due to a failure of the normalization procedure.
Applicability
The PALZ tool may only be used to analyze FDG brain scans of patients with suspected AD. Note that the following guidelines must be observed to avoid invalid results:
CAUTION: The PALZ tool is not a general brain FDG analysis tool and thus not suited to search for non AD-related defects in FDG brain scans. Any other disease that also affects the association brain areas, which are abnormal in AD, may also lead to a significantly abnormal result. Scientific evidence is not yet sufficient for the interpretation of an abnormal AD t-sum in subjects without clinical symptoms of AD.
Disclaimer THE PMOD ALZHEIMER'S DISCRIMINATION ANALYSIS (PALZ) TOOL HAS NO APPROVAL FOR CLINICAL USE. THEREFORE, THE PALZ TOOL MAY ONLY BE USED FOR RESEARCH OR INVESTIGATIONAL PURPOSES. |